When you think about the organs that keep you healthy, your heart and brain probably come to mind first. But there’s a tiny gland in your neck that plays a huge role in how your body works — the thyroid. Let’s dive into what it does, why it matters, and how you can keep it in top shape.
What is the thyroid and why is it important?
Your thyroid is a butterfly-shaped gland located at the base of your neck. Despite its modest size, it is a central component of the endocrine system and influences nearly every organ in the body, including the heart, brain, liver, kidneys and skin. It produces hormones that control how your body uses energy. These hormones affect:
- Metabolism: The thyroid produces two primary hormones that determine how efficiently cells convert food into energy.
- Heart rate and blood pressure: Thyroid hormones directly affect heart rate, blood pressure, cholesterol levels and cardiac rhythm.
- Nervous system and mental health: Proper thyroid function supports cognitive processes, emotional stability and nervous system development.
- Growth and development: The thyroid secretes calcitonin, which helps regulate blood calcium levels and maintain bone density.
Think of your thyroid as your body’s barometer. When it’s balanced, you feel great. When it’s not, you might notice changes in energy, weight or mood.
Common Thyroid Problems
Up to 60% of thyroid cases remain undiagnosed, often due to vague symptoms such as fatigue, weight changes and mood disturbances. This is why routine screening is essential.
Hypothyroidism
Also known as an underactive thyroid, this condition impacts about 5% of adults. It occurs when the gland fails to produce sufficient hormones. Women are more likely to develop hypothyroidism. It is also more prevalent among people aged 60 and older. Symptoms include fatigue, weight gain, cold intolerance, dry skin and depression. Hypothyroidism may occur gradually naturally requiring supplementation
Subclinical hypothyroidism is a syndrome of early thyroid dysfunction that may not cause physical symptoms but can affect metabolism.
Levothyroxine, a hormone replacement drug, is the most common treatment for hypothyroidism. It is taken in the morning on an empty stomach with the exception of water.
Hyperthyroidism
Hyperthyroidism, or overactive thyroid, occurs in roughly 1–1.3% of the population. The condition results from excessive hormone production. Symptoms include weight loss despite increased appetite, rapid heartbeat, irritability and heat intolerance. In older adults, the condition can look like depression or dementia. And unlike their younger counterparts, older adults may exhibit a loss of appetite and withdraw from people.
Antithyroid medications, which reduce the amount of thyroid hormone produced by your gland, are the primary treatment.
Thyroid cancer
Thyroid cancer starts in the thyroid gland. It is not very common, but it can happen. It is most prevalent in women aged 30–60.
There are different types:
- Papillary cancer: This is the most common type. It grows slowly.
- Follicular cancer: This type also grows slowly.
- Medullary cancer: This type can run in families.
- Anaplastic cancer: This is rare and grows very fast.
Signs of thyroid cancer or thyroid dysfunction can include a lump in your neck, trouble swallowing, or changes in your voice. If you notice these signs, see a doctor right away. Most thyroid cancers can be treated with surgery and sometimes medicine or radiation.
Monitoring your thyroid health
When to see your doctor
You should see your doctor if you notice:
- A lump or swelling in your neck
- Sudden weight gain or loss
- Feeling very tired or very nervous
- Trouble swallowing or breathing
- Changes in your voice that last more than two weeks
Do not wait. If you have these signs. Early care can help prevent bigger problems.
How often should you check your thyroid levels?
Most people only get tested if they have symptoms or a family history of thyroid problems.
If you have hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism, you should have your levels checked every four to eight weeks after you start or change your medication. Once your levels are stable, get tested every six to 12 months – or sooner if your symptoms change.
If you’ve had thyroid cancer, follow-up monitoring is essential and typically lifelong, as the cancer can come back even 10 to 20 years later.
Practical tips for thyroid health
- Follow a balanced, nutrient-rich diet: Include iodine-rich foods like fish and dairy for hormone production. Add selenium and zinc for thyroid function.
- Avoid processed foods and excess sugar: Highly processed foods and refined sugars can disrupt hormone balance and increase inflammation. Stick to fresh vegetables, fruits, lean proteins and whole grains.
- Manage your stress level: Chronic stress can interfere with thyroid function. Try yoga, meditation, deep breathing, or any relaxation technique.
Untreated thyroid disorders can significantly impair quality of life and increase health care costs. If you have concerns about your thyroid or notice any unusual symptoms, don’t hesitate to contact your health care provider. Regular check-ups and paying attention to your body can prevent serious complications and keep you feeling your best.
