Medically reviewed by:
Rajani Shrestha, DO
You may be surprised to learn that skin cancer is the most common type of cancer in the United States.1 It occurs when abnormal cells in the skin grow out of control. While it can be serious, it’s also one of the most preventable and treatable cancers, especially when caught early.2 There are three main types of skin cancer: basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and melanoma. These cancers typically develop on parts of the skin that are frequently exposed to sunlight.
The skin, the body’s largest organ, has several layers and different cell types.1 The three major types of skin cancer are named based on which skin cells are affected.3
Yearly skin checks and keeping a watchful eye on your skin are among the best ways to catch skin cancer symptoms early.2 Be on the lookout for new growths, spots that change in shape or color, or sores that don’t heal. Common skin cancer symptoms by type include:
Type of skin cancer | Common signs and symptoms |
---|---|
Squamous cell carcinoma | Firm red nodule, flat sore with a scaly crust, rough patch. Most likely to occur on areas frequently exposed to the sun, such as the face, ears, neck, lips, and back of hands. |
Basal cell carcinoma | Pearly or waxy bump, flat flesh-colored or brown lesion, or bleeding or scabbing sore that returns. These also are most likely to occur in areas frequently exposed to the sun. |
Melanoma | Large asymmetrical brownish or black spot with darker speckles or different patches of colors, a changing mole with uneven borders, or a painful lesion that itches or burns. Most likely to grow on the chest and back for men and on the legs for women |
If you notice any of these signs, contact your doctor for a thorough skin evaluation.
The most significant risk factor for developing skin cancer is excessive exposure to the sun or other UV radiation. While all the reasons skin cancer develops are unknown, research has identified several risk factors.
Some known causes and risk factors include:4
The type of treatment recommended for skin cancer will depend on the type, size, and location of the cancer. Early-stage cancers may only require minor procedures, while more advanced cases may need a combination of therapies.
Common treatments for skin cancer may include:5
Take the time every month to perform a skin self-exam. Talk with your doctor about any new growths or moles that look suspicious. Further evaluation by a dermatologist or an oncologist (cancer specialist) may be needed. It’s recommended that people with a higher risk of skin cancer have a skin exam by a doctor every year.2
Ready to take the next step? Find a skin cancer specialist near me.
The most effective way to reduce the risk of skin cancer is to protect your skin from dangerous UV rays. Apply a broad-spectrum sunscreen with an SPF of 30 or higher every day, even if it’s cloudy or you’re indoors near windows. Avoid the sun during peak hours (10 am to 4 pm), and stay in the shade when possible. When in the sun, wear protective clothing, including wide-brimmed hats, long sleeves, and sunglasses.6 Perform regular skin checks and see a doctor if you notice any unusual changes.
Yes, skin cancer can be genetic. If you have a family history of skin cancer, especially melanoma, your risk may be higher.7 However, this doesn’t mean you’ll get skin cancer. Practicing sun safety, avoiding tanning beds, and getting regular skin checks can help catch problems early and lower your overall risk.
References:
1. Centers for Disease Control (CDC). Skin Cancer Basics. Accessed April 8, 2025. https://www.cdc.gov/skin-cancer/about/index.html#:~:text=What%20it%20is,artificial%20sources%20like%20tanning%20beds.
2. Skin Cancer Foundation. Early Detection: Overview. Accessed April 8, 2025. https://www.skincancer.org/early-detection/#:~:text=Spot%20the%20Cancer%20You%20Can,become%20dangerous%2C%20disfiguring%20or%20deadly.
3. National Cancer Institute. Skin Cancer (Including Melanoma). Accessed April 8, 2025. https://www.cancer.gov/types/skin.
4. Skin Cancer Foundation. Risk Factors. Accessed April 8, 2025. https://www.skincancer.org/risk-factors/.
5. National Cancer Institute. Skin Cancer Treatment. Accessed April 8, 2025. https://www.cancer.gov/types/skin/patient/skin-treatment-pdq.
6. Centers for Disease Control (CDC). Reducing Risk for Skin Cancer. Accessed April 8, 2025. https://www.cdc.gov/skin-cancer/prevention/index.html.
7. Melanoma Research Alliance. How Genetics and Family History Contribute to Melanoma Risk. Accessed April 8, 2025. https://www.curemelanoma.org/blog/how-genetics-and-family-history-contribute-to-melanoma-risk.
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